(i) Temporary removal due to elevated blood lead levels. On the other hand, it has also been established that there can be a long list of extremely harmful side effects associated with the use of chelating agents. Boundaries between categories overlap due to the wide variation of individual responses and exposures in the working population. The most important increase, however, is that of coproporphyrin III; levels may exceed 5,000 g/1 in the urine in lead poisoned individuals, but its correlation with blood lead levels and ZPP are not as good as those of ALA. Increases in urinary porphyrins are not diagnostic of lead toxicity and may be seen in porphyria, some liver diseases, and in patients with high reticulocyte counts. Routine chelation to prevent increased or reduce current blood lead levels is unacceptable whatever the setting. The physical examination should emphasize the neurological, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems. A short term dose of lead can lead to acute encephalopathy. Appendices to the standard (Appendices A, B, C), Federal Register, Vol. (B) Return. If a removed employee files a claim for workers' compensation payments for a lead-related disability, then the employer shall continue to provide medical removal protection benefits pending disposition of the claim. Your employer is required to assure that no employee is exposed to lead in excess of the PEL. For Federal Register citations affecting 1910.1025, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the Finding Aids section of the printed volume and at www.govinfo.gov. If you are removed in this manner, you may only be returned when the doctor indicates that it is safe for you to do so. Medical removal records shall be provided in the same manner as environmental monitoring records. (F) Any laboratory or other test which the examining physician deems necessary by sound medical practice. Potential occupational exposure to lead and its compounds occur in at least 120 occupations, including lead smelting, the manufacture of lead storage batteries, the manufacture of lead pigments and products containing pigments, solder manufacture, shipbuilding and ship repair, auto manufacturing, construction, and painting. Contaminated clothing which is to be cleaned, laundered or disposed of must be placed in closed containers in the change room. Small nonferrous foundries (fewer than 20 employees) are required to achieve an 8-hour TWA of 75 g/m3 by such controls. This flexibility extends to the evaluation and management of pregnant workers and male and female workers who are planning to raise children. He is responsible for providing repairs and replacement as necessary, and also is responsible for the cleaning, laundering or disposal of protective clothing and equipment. (iii) The employer shall maintain each medical removal record for at least the duration of an employee's employment. (iii) The employer shall keep, or assure that the examining physician keeps, the following medical records: (A) A copy of the medical examination results including medical and work history required under paragraph (j) of this section; (B) A description of the laboratory procedures and a copy of any standards or guidelines used to interpret the test results or references to that information; (C) A copy of the results of biological monitoring. Effects of overexposure to lead - (1) Short term (acute) overexposure. (iii) The employer shall ensure that signs required by this paragraph (m)(2) are illuminated and cleaned as necessary so that the legend is readily visible. If you have comments or suggestions on how to improve the www.ecfr.gov website or have questions about using www.ecfr.gov, please choose the 'Website Feedback' button below. Malformed sperm (teratospermia), decreased number of sperm (hypospermia), and sperm with decreased motility (asthenospermia) can all occur. (ii) The employer shall train each employee who is subject to exposure to lead at or above the action level, or for whom the possibility of skin or eye irritation exists, in accordance with the requirements of this section. (iv) Information provided to examining and consulting physicians. Medical removal is to continue until two consecutive blood lead levels are 40 g/100 g or less. In addition, control systems may fail, or hygiene and respirator programs may be inadequate. (ii) The employer shall ensure that no statement appears on or near any sign required by this paragraph (m)(2) which contradicts or detracts from the meaning of the required sign. In addition your employer must make readily available to all employees, including those exposed below the action level, a copy of the standard and its appendices and must distribute to all employees any materials provided to the employer by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Medical examinations made available pursuant to paragraph (j)(3)(i) (A) through (B) of this section shall include the following elements: (A) A detailed work history and a medical history, with particular attention to past lead exposure (occupational and non-occupational), personal habits (smoking, hygiene), and past gastrointestinal, hematologic, renal, cardiovascular, reproductive and neurological problems; (B) A thorough physical examination, with particular attention to teeth, gums, hematologic, gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. When air monitoring for lead is performed at your workplace as required by this standard, your employer must allow you or someone you designate to act as an observer of the monitoring. (ii) Measurements of airborne lead made in the preceding 12 months may be used to satisfy this requirement if the sampling and analytical methods used meet the accuracy and confidence levels of paragraph (d)(9) of this section. Under this program, the blood lead level of all employees who are exposed to lead above the action level of 30 g/m3 is to be determined at least every six months. Teratospermia has been noted at mean blood lead levels of 53 g/100 g and hypospermia and asthenospermia at 41 g/100 g. Furthermore, there appears to be a dose-response relationship for teratospermia in lead exposed workers. The best way to prevent all forms of lead-related impairments and diseases - both short term and long term- is to maintain your PbB below 40 g/100g. The employer must require the observer to wear all such equipment and to comply with all other applicable safety and health procedures. Whenever you request one, your employer is also required to provide you a respirator even if your air exposure level does not exceed the PEL. In male workers exposed to lead there can be a decrease in sexual drive, impotence, decreased ability to produce healthy sperm, and sterility. Your employer is required to provide and assure your use of respirators when your exposure to lead is not controlled below the PEL by other means. It is hoped that this review and discussion will give the physician a better understanding of the OSHA standard with the ultimate goal of protecting the health and well-being of the worker exposed to lead under his or her care. The zinc protoporphyrin test, unlike the blood lead determination, measures an adverse metabolic effect of lead and as such is a better indicator of lead toxicity than the level of blood lead itself. Until these controls are in place, respirators must be used to meet the 50 g/m3 exposure limit. These must be provided at no cost to you and at a reasonable time and place. 55, pp. 54, pp. Past research into lead-related diseases, however, has focused heavily on associations between PbBs and various diseases. The examining physician, therefore, is given broad flexibility to tailor special protective procedures to the needs of individual employees. Medical removal protection (MRP) is a means of protecting you when, for whatever reasons, other methods, such as engineering controls, work practices, and respirators, have failed to provide the protection you need. However, whenever there is a production, process, control, or personnel change at your workplace which may result in new or additional exposure to lead, or whenever there is any other reason to suspect a change which may result in new or additional exposure to lead, your employer must perform additional monitoring. Lead colic rarely develops at blood lead levels below 80 g/100 g. 4. (i) The employer shall make readily available to all affected employees a copy of this standard and its appendices. An attorney can be consulted about these possibilities. 
It is recommended that a hematocrit be determined whenever a confirmed ZPP of 50 g/100 ml whole blood is obtained to rule out a significant underlying anemia. The lack of reversibility is felt to be due in part to segmental demyelination. The employer must also obtain from the physician and provide the employee with a written medical opinion containing blood lead levels, the physicians's opinion as to whether the employee is at risk of material impairment to health, any recommended protective measures for the employee if further exposure is permitted, as well as any recommended limitations upon an employee's use of respirators. 3 Expressed as the number of years from the date on which the Court lifts the stay on the implementation of paragraph (e)(1) for this industry for employers to achieve a lead in air concentration of 75 g/m3. Contaminated work clothing or equipment must be removed in change rooms and not worn home or you will extend your exposure and expose your family since lead from your clothing can accumulate in your house, car, etc. This initial determination must have been completed by March 31, 1979. The occupational health standard for inorganic lead[1] was promulgated to protect workers exposed to inorganic lead including metallic lead, all inorganic lead compounds and organic lead soaps. (ii) Work operations for which engineering and work-practice controls are not sufficient to reduce employee exposures to or below the permissible exposure limit. Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari. In cases where the examining physician determines that chelation is appropriate, you must be notified in writing of this fact before such treatment. The Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 (CLAW) place a duty on employers to prevent, or where this is not reasonably practicable, to control employee exposure to lead. This frequency shall continue until two consecutive blood samples and analyses indicate a blood lead level below 40 g/100 g of whole blood; and. The standard prohibits prophylactic chelation of any employee by any person the employer retains, supervises or controls. ZPP is measured directly in red blood cells and is present for the cell's entire 120 day life-span. (9) Accuracy of measurement. The full statement of reasons (preamble) Federal Register, vol. Last blood lead level less than 40 g/100 g, 2. (i) Blood lead and ZPP level sampling and analysis. Beginning March 1, 1981, return depends on a worker's blood lead level declining to 40 g/100 g of whole blood. 
This document is available in the following developer friendly formats: Information and documentation can be found in our Appropriate protective work clothing and equipment can include coveralls or similar full-body work clothing, gloves, hats, shoes or disposable shoe coverlets, and face shields or vented goggles. (ii) The employer shall also comply with any additional requirements involving transfer of records set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1020(h). Lead can alter the structure of sperm cells raising the risk of birth defects. Correction to appendices, Federal Register, vol. This standard recognizes that your daily exposure to lead can extend beyond a typical 8-hour workday as the result of overtime or other alterations in your work schedule. If the results indicate your exposure exceeds the PEL (without regard to your use of respirators), then your employer must also notify you of this in writing, and provide you with a description of the corrective action that will be taken to reduce your exposure. The standards sets a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of fifty micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air (50 g/m3), averaged over an 8-hour work-day. MAY DAMAGE FERTILITY OR THE UNBORN CHILD. The information contained in the appendices to this section is not intended by itself, to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed by this standard nor detract from any existing obligation. These criteria for removal and return will change according to the following schedule: You may also be removed from exposure even if your blood lead levels are below these criteria if a final medical determination indicates that you temporarily need reduced lead exposure for medical reasons. (C) At least monthly during the removal period of each employee removed from exposure to lead due to an elevated blood lead level. Lead adversely affects numerous body systems, and causes forms of health impairment and disease which arise after periods of exposure as short as days or as long as several years. The ZPP requires more time than the blood lead to read significantly elevated levels; the return to normal after discontinuing lead exposure is also slower. 9. The content of medical examinations made available pursuant to paragraph (j)(3)(i) (C) through (D) of this section shall be determined by an examining physician and, if requested by an employee, shall include pregnancy testing or laboratory evaluation of male fertility. In addition, a medical examination or consultation must be made available as soon as possible if you notify your employer that you are experiencing signs or symptoms commonly associated with lead poisoning or that you have difficulty breathing while wearing a respirator or during a respirator fit test. 52952-53014, November 14, 1978. Measurements of the system's effectiveness in controlling exposure shall be made within 5 days of any change in production, process, or control which might result in a change in employee exposure to lead. This content is from the eCFR and is authoritative but unofficial. (i) Frequency. (vii) Labeling of contaminated protective clothing and equipment. This is based on the numerous inadequacies of respirators including skin rash where the facepiece makes contact with the skin, unacceptable stress to breathing in some workers with underlying cardiopulmonary impairment, difficulty in providing adequate fit, the tendency for respirators to create additional hazards by interfering with vision, hearing, and mobility, and the difficulties of assuring the maximum effectiveness of a complicated work practice program involving respirators. After this date, all new employees must be trained prior to initial assignment to areas where there is a possibility of exposure over the action level.
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