Pm is calculated using Equation (16): where PL represents the maximum load demand and Pg represents the maximum amount of power delivered to the grid [36]. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Energy-output nexus in Bangladesh: a two-sector model analysis, The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (, Modelling and analysis of an 80-MW parabolic trough concentrated solar power plant in Sudan, Sustainable waste management for zero waste cities in China: potential, challenges and opportunities, Grid-connected microgrid: design and feasibility analysis for a local community in Bangladesh, Interleaved high-gain boost converter powered by solar energy using hybrid-based MPP tracking technique, A review on non-isolated low-power DCDC converter topologies with high output gain for solar photovoltaic system applications, About the National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy, https://www.homerenergy.com/products/software.html, https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-viewer/, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1765601-solar-photovoltaic-system-energy-storage-cost-benchmark-q1, https://www.renugen.co.uk/aeolos-aeolos-v-3000w-3000w-on-grid-wind-turbine/, http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/site/page/cc5bf734-95d2-44a1-b617-693de2127020/, http://www.doe.gov.bd/site/notices/059ddf35-53d3-49a7-8ce6-175320cd59f1/Grid-Emission-Factor(GEF)-of-Bangladesh, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2022 National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy. The size of an inverter in an integrated grid system is determined by two factors: grid selling capacity and local load demand. Cornlusse B, Savelli I, Paoletti S, et al. In the previous 10 years, the average GDP growth rate has grown by >6.7%, up from 3.7% in the 1970s. The fraction of renewable energy is 57.5% and a payback period of 16.86 years was also observed. Fig. [16] presented an energy-management model for a multi-energy community scheme in which diverse technologies meet power and thermal consumption requirements and system flexibility, i.e. However, the Bangladeshi government is actively working to increase the quantity of renewable-energy-based generation. Table 3 shows the configuration of the component and prices. Case-4, NPC is $1.17 million and COE is $0.0585/kWh. Day-ahead arrangement of battery energy while accounting for the costs of deterioration caused by chargingdischarging cycles and replacement costs concerning the depth of charge were simulated and applied to the impartial function to estimate the real operating expenses of the system [26]. Case-5 has the highest unmet load and lowest capacity shortage, i.e. Optimal planning and design of a renewable energy based supply system for microgrids. Electricity is supplied at a rate of $0.0442/kWh, which is ~32% cheaper than the current electricity rate in Bangladesh. Also, a suitable case is sorted out and proposed for the local community for electrification. PVinvertergrid, is a feasible case despite having an unmet load and capacity shortage. With the increase in the inflation rate, NPC will increase and the capital recovery factor will decrease, resulting in a total annual cost decrease. After integrating WTs with Case-2, i.e. NPC of $4.52 million and COE of $0.609/kWh are found. Fig. In remote regions where traditional grid access is unavailable, a microgrid (MG) system or a renewable-energy-based hybrid system can be used to electrify the area [4]. Where z is the thermal voltage, Rsh and Rs are the shunts and series resistances, and Id, Ip and I are the currents in the diode when it is directly polarized, the current generated by the solar cell and the current at the terminal of the solar cell, respectively. Algorithms for Intelligent Systems. To simulate using HOMER, various factors such as component pricing, load demand, renewable resource data such as solar irradiation, component specs and so on must be entered into the software as input parameters [37]. 6 as a conventional single-diode model [28]. HOMER is used to simulate the physical performance of an energy supply system as well as its lifespan cost, which is the total of capital and operational expenditures during its life. Microgrids are often made up of low-voltage distribution systems with distributed energy resources as well as storage devices and flexible loads. Sardi et al. The proposed case offers a 29.8% reduction in GHG emissions. The authors proposed a 20-MVA microgrid for the recently approved All India Institute of Medical Sciences healthcare centre in Madurai with 750 beds. Rapid urbanization and population growth have increased per-capita power consumption; as a result, the installed capacity must be expanded at the same rate across the world [1]. 
Fig. Sources of renewable energy, e.g. From a techno-economic standpoint, Johannsen et al. Johannsen RM, stergaard PA, Hanlin R. Essayeh C, Raiss El-Fenni M, Dahmouni H, et al. According to the results, the system will emit carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. An efficient power source is required for the economic progress of the nation as well as for the delivery of critical communal services such as health and education. For off-grid cases, NPC and COE are much higher than the on-grid cases. After integrating the microgrid, stability analysis could be done for enhancing the design in the future. Fig. PVinverterbatterygrid, is more likely to be ignored by the community people because of high NPC though it has less unmet load and capacity shortage than Case-1. Table 5 illustrates the sizing parameters and Table 6 illustrates the obtained financial result in detail in contrast to the simulation. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 8th International Conference on Applied Energy. The difference between the nominal interest rate and the inflation rate equals the real interest rate, which must be taken into consideration. Thus, renewable-energy generation from Case-4 was 59.8%. Furthermore, renewable energy resources scopes will be explored in this research for the densely populated urban area. The local community of Mohammadpur is taken into consideration as it is one of the rising areas where people ponder to live. As a result, the impact of off-grid microgrids is assessed not only by the decrease in power costs in rural and isolated locations but also by the amount to which quality of life improves [68]. extra generation and extra absorption, which was sold as a service to maintain the power grid and expand revenue. The quantity of power that the inverter can change is determined by the inverter rating. 
Each system in the literature review was designed with different load types, consumers, resources and locations. Renewable energy sources, fossil-fuel-based energy sources or an arrangement of the two is possible. The results of this SLR showed a wide range of techniques and diverse backgrounds, and SLR recommended that future studies include the uncertainty element of energy management rather than relying only on historical data [15]. housing estates, residential complexes and educational institutions, were examined by Raji and Luta [9]. Global demand for electricity is growing significantly in developing nations. Techno-economic design and evaluation of a small community-based microgrid. Also, surplus energy is sold to reduce the power/electricity deficit of the grid. 
4 depicts the total amount of yearly sun irradiation for the suggested location with a clearness index. From utility-scale and distributed generation to stand-alone microgrids, HOMER maximizes the value of your hybrid power system precisely, which makes HOMER better than PV*SOL and PVsyst [38]. Fig. An hourly time-series simulation for every conceivable system design has been examined over a 25-year plan horizon. Bangladesh has achieved substantial socio-economic development in recent years, including improved life expectancy, per-capita income, poverty reduction and literacy rate, among other things. At BMS College of Engineering in Bengaluru, India, researchers [29] sought to optimize the design of a community-level microgrid for the available load. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Grid-connected Microgrids to Support Renewable Energy Sources Penetration. The Angstrom equation can be used from sunshine to guess the global radiation as shown in Equation (5): where, X/X0 represents the ratio of monthly averaged daily globally to monthly averaged daily solar radiation on a horizon surface. If not, then the renewable fraction will eventually decrease. As a result, the peak demand of the site changes substantially between winter and summer, as well as weekdays and weekends. 2017 The Author(s). Case-1 with an NPC of $868 818 was the most practical, optimal and cost-effective combination for the simulation location. o is calculated using Equation (12): As a result, the maximum power of the wind Pwind may be calculated using Equation (13): The electricity generated by the PV panel is direct current (DC); however, because the load requires alternating current (AC), the generated DC power must be converted to AC. Table 2 shows the considered annual load profile of the community. 2021 IEEE 9th Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), Design and implementation of an islanded hybrid microgrid system for a large resort center for Penang Island with the proper application of excess energy, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, Integration of alternative sources of energy, Design of an incentive-based demand side management strategy for stand-alone microgrids planning, Predictive model for solar photovoltaic power based on computational intelligence technique, Energy management of community microgrids considering degradation cost of battery. Nevertheless, Xie et al. The proposed case has a lower operating cost, whereas the rest of the cases have a comparatively higher operating cost. The system may be operated in two modes: grid-connected mode and off-grid mode. 3.35% and 17 259 kWh/year. The electrical equal circuit of a solar cell is depicted in Fig. 
Pi is calculated using Equation (14): where Pp represents the power of the output of the PV system and Ei represents the inverter efficiency found using Equation (15): Ps represents the power generated by a single PV cell and Ns represents the number of PV panels. The operating cost is only $22 884 in the proposed case. 3 shows the hourly load profile for the community; underlying data can be found in the online Supplementary Data. In Bangladesh, ~75% of rural people do not have access to electricity. Shezan SA, Rawdah R, Ali SS, Rahman Z. Cepeda JCO, Khalatbarisoltani A, Boulon L, et al. Based on their intended purpose, each system cannot be compared properly with another one. Despite its small size, the peak load is 366.53 kW with a consumption of 1739.74 kWh/day because of the dwellings feature of the significant loads. The stiffness of the suggested design is obtained from the obtained result and feasibility is assessed according to the mindset of the people in the community. Search for other works by this author on: Faculty of Engineering, Erasmus Mundus Joint MSc in Smart Cities and Communities (SMACCs), University of Mons (UMONS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPS), Erasmus Mundus Joint MSc in Smart Cities and Communities (SMACCs), Heriot-Watt University (HWU), Techno-economic analysis of photovoltaic-biomass-based microgrid system for reliable rural electrification, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering, Renewable energy integrated islanded microgrid for sustainable irrigationa Bangladesh perspective, Hybrid systems for decentralized power generation in Bangladesh. Sensitivity output for the inflation rate. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Alvarez DI, Calle Castro CJ, Gonzalez FC, et al. Fig. When wind speed changes, the speed of the rotor minimizes the ideal proportion of the speed and harvests the most energy from existing wind sources. Optimal design and techno-economic analysis of a microgrid for community load applications. The experimental setup has been used to validate results obtained from simulation. Karamichailidou D, Kaloutsa V, Alexandridis A. Fazlollahi V, Taghizadeh M, Ayatollah Zade Shirazi F. Manobel B, Sehnke F, Lazzs JA, et al. Sensitivity output for loaded scaled average. A storage system with a total capacity of 211 kWh comprising lead-acid battery packs was chosen for this case. Energy and Technology Research Division, Advanced Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Data Science Laboratory. 2 illustrates the site location. A PV unit is made up of numerous solar cells linked in parallel and series to meet the current and voltage needs of the system. Net present cost (NPC) and COE are the two main economic elements that are determined by the total annualized cost of the system. Cat represents the annual cost, Ep represents the primary load, Egs represents the sold energy to grid (yearly) and Ed represents the deferrable load. Moreover, COE is the annualized cost-inverse multiplication of the total energy served, so as annualized cost or total energy served increases, COE increases. As a result, HOMER must compute the annualized costs of the system, which are the annualized costs of the components minus any miscellaneous costs [36]. 5 presents the average wind speed of the location. Concern with the increasing demand in the future can be dealt with, with room for capacity upgrades. However, in some regions, particularly distant and rural locations, where real load-consumption statistics are unavailable, the load profile should be projected with consideration for the specifications of the area. However, no previous study on microgrid design for the urban community was evident for the concerned area, i.e. COE concerning the cases is shown in Fig. This study has required a considerable amount of assistance and direction, and the authors are very grateful to ABCD Laboratory, Bangladesh for providing them with limitless guidance during their research effort. HOMER also calculates the quantity of various GHGs that the suggested design will release. MG was linked to the grid and provided electricity to a domestic neighbourhood, the trade-off between two competing goals was examined and the best solution was found [20]. Equations 1 and 2 are used to calculate the total NPC and COE: where CNPC represents the NPC, Ca represents the total cost (annualized), CRF is the capital recovery factor is constant which is dependent on i (annual real interest rate in percent) and Np (project lifetime). In this context, 56 potential cases were evaluated while considering various system designs to compute the option with the lowest NPC at the start of the project. Corsetti E, Guagliardi GA, Sandroni C. Abniki H, Taghvaei SM, Mohammadi-Hosseininejad SM. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 3. The non-linear expression yields the expression of aerodynamic power (Paero) generated from a WT shown in Equation (9) [33]: Here, r represents the radius of the rotor, the wind speed is v and a generic equation has been used to model Cp(, ) is calculated using Equation (10), where Cp (power coefficient) is the function of both TSR () and the blade angle of inclination (): Here, the wind-turbine angle of inclination of the blades is and denotes the ratio of the turbine speed, which is calculated using Equation (11): Again, the rotation speed of the blades is t. Fig. Distributed generation systems and microgrids are instrumental for a greater penetration of renewables to achieve a substantial reduction on carbon emissions. Distributed energy resources utilized in the research include photovoltaic cells, diesel generators (DGs) and electrical loads classified as critical and noncritical. 2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Wind turbine power curve modeling using radial basis function neural networks and tabu search, Modeling and neuro-fuzzy controller design of a wind turbine in fullload region based on operational data, Wind turbine power curve modeling based on Gaussian processes and artificial neural networks, Modeling and optimization of a community microgrid components, Framework of virtual microgrids formation using community energy storage in residential networks with rooftop photovoltaic units, Energy management of community energy storage in grid-connected microgrid under uncertain real-time prices, Hybrid photovoltaic and wind mini-grids in Kenya: techno-economic assessment and barriers to diffusion, Unpacking the complexity of community microgrids: a review of institutions roles for development of microgrids, Micro grid for All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai, Energy management strategies for smart green microgrid systems: a systematic literature review, Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Hossain MA, Pota HR, Squartini S, et al. The government of Bangladesh has taken numerous footsteps to alleviate the electricity issue in rural areas by utilizing renewable energy sources, notably solar photovoltaic (PV) [2]. Optimal energy management of community microgrids: a risk-based multi-criteria approach, A distributed peer-to-peer energy transaction method for diversified prosumers in urban community microgrid system, Distributed energy infrastructure paradigm: community microgrids in a new institutional economics context, Barriers and motivations for solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption in urban Nigeria, International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Modelling and analysis of decentralized energy systems with photovoltaic, micro-hydro, battery and diesel technology for remote areas of Nepal, Operation management of a renewable microgrid supplying to a residential community under the effect of incentive-based demand response program, International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The potential for photovoltaic-powered pumped-hydro systems to reduce emissions, costs, and energy insecurity in rural China, Microgrid decision-making by public power utilities in the United States: a critical assessment of adoption and technological profiles, Discovering communities for microgrids with spatial-temporal net energy, A community microgrid architecture with an internal local market, Energy scheduling of community microgrid with battery cost using particle swarm optimisation. For each project, i and Np are constant as different projects have different project lifetime and annual real interest rates. [25] studied the perspective of community microgrids, in which fellows of a community may trade energy and services deprived of passing via the traditional channels of the public electrical grid. The grid emission factor that is keyed in HOMER is 0.67 tCO2/MWh [43]. As the load is increasing, the system tends to purchase more electricity than normal, which results in increasing NPC and COE. Sardi J, Mithulananthan N, Islam MM, et al. This approach is an effective way to mitigate frequent load-shedding problems and usage of sustainable energy broadly for a community is promoted. These systems can be operated in both grid-connected (on-grid) and off-grid (island) modes [5]. Wang et al. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 
Also, the massive use of fossil fuel is eliminated as a sustainable source is used to convert electricity directly. Despite being a developing county, the mass population in the community has less knowledge regarding modern technologies and always tends to save money for their future generations. In this article, a grid-connected microgrid is designed to analyse cases obtained from HOMER [33] and a suitable case is proposed for an urban area in Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. HOMER is intended to address the issues associated with microgrid analysis and design, such as the huge number of design possibilities and the doubt about important factors such as load increase and future fuel costs. The connection between the parameters and variables of a solar cell is represented by Equation (8): The ratio of the turbine speed, which is identified as a proportion of the speed of the turbine rotor to the wind speed, has a significant impact on the power of mechanical output for the wind speed. Bangladesh is a South Asian country between latitudes 20.30 to 26.38 N and longitudes 88.04 to 92.44 E. Bangladesh receives sufficient sun irradiation for the production of solar power. In this article, a microgrid approach for a community in Mohammadpur is presented along with the feasibility. The most significant aspect of simulation and optimization is the load profile of each location. Specification of the components [32,40,41]. LiFePO4 batteries would be used instead of lead-acid batteries; also, dual-axis WTs could be used to improve the designed microgrid for the community. HOMER also estimates NPC of the proposed design; Case-1 has NPC of $868 818 according to simulation results. Furthermore, the suggested system emits fewer GHGs than a traditional fossil-fuel-based power station. The proposed model produced revenue of nearly 35% of the overall financial benefit of CES and successfully helped customers to reduce their energy costs [11]. Case-4, i.e. Components are sized to be larger than in on-grid systems and the amount of surplus electricity sold is also less. Techno economic feasibility analysis of grid-connected microgrid by using solar PV for residential usage. If the inflation rate increases and exceeds the nominal discount, the rate of real interest is negative. HOMER is the global standard in microgrid design and optimization software, based on decades of listening to the demands of customers all over the world and expertise in developing and installing microgrids and distributed power systems that can contain a mix of renewable energy sources, storage and fossil-based generation [33]. Results (system sizing, COE) from each system are suitable considering the system structure. Access to sustainable and regular power can help to support income-spawning activity, particularly irrigation for agriculture, which accounts for 16% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. Real-time data obtained from the community people are further used for the simulation in HOMER Pro. This study provides residents of this town with significantly more clean energy at a reduced cost, as well as the ability to sell extra energy to the grid to avoid frequent power outages. Hafez and Bhattacharya [30] created an incentive-based demand-side management strategy, as well as evaluated its possible implications on stand-alone microgrid (SAMG) planning. HOMER calculates the wind speed at the hub height of the WT at each time step using the inputs that are entered on the Wind Resource page and the Wind Shear entry [33]. Hybrid systems are typically used to supplement a single renewable-energy-based producing choice such as sole wind or solar, as these are intermittent sources, as well as to improve resource usage and minimize net cost [34]. Mohammadpur is a sub-district in Dhaka District, Dhaka Division, Bangladesh, and is located 4 km south of Dhaka North City Corporation [31]. 10 illustrates the graph of operating costs for considered cases; 4741 kWh/year of capacity shortage along with a slight unmet load of 0.375% was observed in the proposed case. NPC for Case-3 ($917 608) is somewhat higher than that for Case-2 and COE for Case-3 (~$0.0771/kWh) is considerably higher than those of Case-1 and Case-2. Again, for Case-6, WT, PV, inverter and lead-acid batteries were installed. Four alternative schemes were considered to find the most advantageous approach for microgrid planning, as shown in Table 4. 11 illustrates unmet load and capacity shortage together against cases. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Mohammadpur was primarily intended as a moderate-density residential neighbourhood for middle-income residents. As time-series data, these real-world data are loaded into HOMER. Electrical energy is vital for the socio-economic growth of a nation. The annualized value of all expenditures and revenues, excluding initial capital costs, is the operating cost. However, the most significant limitations of this electrification are: affordability for the lower demographic; limitations in using the energy for productive purposes because the systems frequently suffer from excess capacity as a result of being over-sized to ensure high reliability; and the systems are not flexible in terms of usage and payment methods. The cost of energy (COE) was reduced by the net-metering feature, which made the total system feasible and sustainable. The inverter is used to change DC electricity into AC power at a consistent frequency using integrated maximum power point tracking. Hossain MA, Chakrabortty RK, Ryan MJ, et al. The ideal proportion of the speed of the turbine achieves the highest turbine energy-conversion efficiency at a certain wind speed. The optimum energy management of community microgrids (CMGs) was defined [17], considering distributed energy supplies as well as thermal and electrical needs in CMGs. de Souza Silva JL, Costa TS, de Melo KB et al. grid-connected microgrids. The proposed design in this research is capable of meeting the demand of the investigated site, which has a connected load of 1739.74 kWh/day and a peak load of 366.53 kW. Such issues will not be a concern for the proposed system. NPC in HOMER sorts the lifespan cost of the system and includes all system costs, such as replacement cost, capital cost, operation and maintenance cost, fuel consumption cost and other expenses, such as credits caused by pollution emissions and grid cost. If the microgrid-generated power is more than the demand, the additional power is supplied to the conventional grid; if the microgrid-generated power is insufficient for the area beneath it, the microgrid acts as a load on the conventional system. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Because of its simpler, non-derivative optimization, HOMER Pro can run ample simulations in a few seconds. Off-grid cases have a significantly higher NPC as PV and battery were sized at the highest capacity. Furthermore, a field-based study revealed many flaws, most of which occurred during the application stage, such as improper installation, poor-quality components and the absence of quality control systems [3]. From the obtained result of the simulation, the proposed case possesses the most suitable COE for the area considered. For the site under consideration, an annual average irradiation of 4.86 kWh/m2/day is utilized. The authors would like to express their appreciation to the Energy and Technology Research Division of the Advanced Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Data Science Laboratory, Bangladesh (ABCD Laboratory, Bangladesh), Chittagong (Chattogram), Bangladesh for assistance and encouragement. If the electricity generated by the hybrid energy system exceeds the load needs in the grid-integrated mode, the extra power is transferred to the utility grid. Short comparison of the literature reviews. The organization of the paper is as follows. Consequently, the examination of current research and institutional assessment changes affecting community microgrid expansion were discussed [13]. Sanjel and Baral [21] used analytical modelling to undertake energy planning, analysing electrified choices based on life-cycle cost and economic distance limit; each energy system under different load situations was compared to find the best solution. Equations (3) and (4) are used to calculate the association between the relative sunlight duration and the condition of the sky: Variation in solar irradiation and the clearness index of the site. The community comprises 22 buildings consisting of 264 apartments that are primarily utilized for residential purposes. Case-1 emits 281.47 tCO2/year and Case-3 peaks the GHG emission at 400.88 tCO2/year. When supply from the grid is insufficient or the connection from the grid is unavailable in the area, the island mode is considered. Eie represents the energy that is exported or imported from the grid; if Eie is positive (+ve), surplus energy is sold to the grid; if Eie is negative (ve), energy is purchased from the grid [33]. Bangladesh currently hopes to achieve sustainable economic growth through creating more employment; enhancing the quality of building energy, health and education, and transportation infrastructure; implementing energy conservation and efficiency measures; and guaranteeing good governance [44].
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